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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Source: St. James University HospitalDate Published: 1983Format: TextAnnotation: This is a self-assessment scale developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in a hospital setting or medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
Population: Adults Only
Length: 14 questions
Time to Complete: Two to five minutes average; 10 minutes maximum
Administered by: Self Administered/Self Report
Language(s): English, Arabic, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, Swedish, Italian, Japanese, Cantonese, Chinese, Norwegian, Hungarian, Urdu, and Spanish. All are available at no additional cost. More recent research articles describing the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale state that the tool is available in all "major European" languages....[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Proprietary - Cost/Purchase required
Citation(s):
Carrasco JM, Perez-Gomez B, Garcia-Mendizabal MJ, Lope V, Aragones N, Forjaz MJ, Castillon P, Lopez-Abente G, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Pollan M. Health-related quality of life and mental health in the medium-term aftermath of the Prestige oil spill in Galiza (Spain): a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2007 Sep 17;7:245. PubMed PMID: 17875207. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17875207. Subscription not required.
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70. PubMed PMID: 6880820. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6880820. Subscription required.
Snaith RP, Taylor CM. Rating scales for depression and anxiety: a current perspective. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;19 Suppl 1:17S-20S. PubMed PMID: 3994903; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1463499. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3994903. Subscription not required.
Aylard PR, Gooding JH, McKenna PJ, Snaith RP. A validation study of three anxiety and depression self-assessment scales. J Psychosom Res. 1987;31(2):261-8. PubMed PMID: 3585828. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3585828. Subscription required.
Crawford JR, Henry JD, Crombie C, Taylor EP. Normative data for the HADS from a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2001 Nov;40(Pt 4):429-34. PubMed PMID: 11760618. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11760618. Subscription required.
Contact information:
Contact person: R. P. Snaith, M.D., F.R.C. Psych.
Institution: Department of Psychiatry
Address: 15 Hyde Terrace
Leeds LS2 9LT
England
Email: psyrps@stjames.leeds.ac.ukIncludes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 8069. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (PILL)
Source: University of Texas at AustinDate Published: 1982Format: PDFAnnotation: This 54-question self-test measures people's tendency to notice and the frequency with which they report a broad array of common physical symptoms and sensations. The Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (PILL) has been used in a large number of medical and psychological studies to understand the nature of symptom reporting. People who report a large number of physical symptoms tend to go to physicians at higher rates, suggesting that their health is worse. Many high symptom reporters, however, are objectively as healthy as low symptom reporters. Interestingly, high symptom reporters tend to be more nervous, distressed, and unhappy. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level: Grade 9.2
Population: Adults Only
Length: 54 questions
Time to Complete: Not specified/given
Administered by: Self Administered/Self Report...[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Free/Publicly Available
Citation(s):
Polusny MA, Ries BJ, Schultz JR, Calhoun P, Clemensen L, Johnsen IR. PTSD symptom clusters associated with physical health and health care utilization in rural primary care patients exposed to natural disaster. J Trauma Stress. 2008 Feb:21(1):75-82. PubMed PMID: 18302175. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18302175. Subscription required.
Pennebaker JW. The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1982. http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8196-9. Subscription required.
Pennebaker JW, Brittingham GL. Environmental and sensory cues affecting the perception of physical symptoms. Adv Environ Psychol. 1982;4:115-136. Subscription required.
Watson D, Pennebaker JW. Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychol Rev. 1989 Apr;96(2):234-54. PubMed PMID: 2710874. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2710874. Subscription required.
For additional link to this tool:
Institution: Counselling Resource Mental Health Library
Web: http://counsellingresource.com/lib/quizzes/misc-tests/pill/Includes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 8133. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
Geriatric Depression Scale
Source: Stanford UniversityDate Published: 1982Format: TextAnnotation: For details, see the record from HSRR (Health Services and Sciences Research Resources), a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level: 3.8...[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Free/Publicly AvailableIncludes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 15235. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
Source: World Health Organization (WHO)Date Published: 1982Format: PDFAnnotation: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a 10-item questionnaire that screens for hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption and identifies mild dependence. Developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the test correctly classifies 95 percent of people into either alcoholics or non-alcoholics. The AUDIT is particularly suitable for use in primary care settings and has been used with a variety of populations and cultural groups. It should be administered by a health professional or paraprofessional. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level: Grade 8.9
Population: All/Anyone
Length: 10 questions
Time to Complete: 2-4 Minutes
Administered by: Self Administered/Self Report, Lay Interviewer, Specialist/Doctor/Expert
Language(s): English, Spanish, Slavic, Chinese, Catalan, Dutch, French, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Slovenian, Swedish, Polish, Norwegian, Swahili, and Romanian
These translations are available by writing to the Programme on Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland; some translations may also be found at: http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/Topics/Browse/BriefAdvice/?parent=4444&child=6148...[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Free/Publicly Available
Citation(s):
MacFarlane AC, Van Hoff M. Impact of childhood exposure to a natural disaster on adult mental health: 20-year longitudinal follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;195(2):142-8. PubMed PMID: 19648546. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19648546. Subscription not required.
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II. Addiction. 1993 Jun;88(6):791-804. PubMed PMID: 8329970. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8329970. Subscription required.
Bohn MJ, Babor TF, Kranzler HR. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. J Stud Alcohol. 1995 Jul;56(4):423-32. PubMed PMID: 7674678. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7674678. Subscription required.
Schmidt A, Barry KL, Fleming MF. Detection of problem drinkers: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). South Med J. 1995 Jan;88(1):52-9. PubMed PMID: 7817228. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7817228. Subscription required.
Conigrave KM, Hall WD, Saunders JB. The AUDIT questionnaire: choosing a cut-off score. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Addiction. 1995 Oct;90(10):1349-56. PubMed PMID: 8616463. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8616463. Subscription required.
Available Formats: Electronic
Contact information:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration/ Department of Health and Human Services
http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/clinical-practice/screening-tools
World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67205/WHO_MSD_MSB_01.6a.pdf?sequence=1
Public Health England (PHE)
http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/Topics/Browse/BriefAdvice/?parent=4444&child=4896Includes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 8991. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES)
Source: Family Behavior SystemsDate Published: 1981Format: TextAnnotation: This scale was created to identify effective problem-solving and behavioral strategies utilized by families in difficult or problematic situations. It is based on the Double ABCX Model of family stress and considers pile-up, family resources, and meaning or perceptions. It measures 30 coping behaviors that look at two levels of interaction: Individual to family system, or the ways a family internally handles difficulties and problems between its members; and family to social environment, or the ways a family externally handles problems or demands from outside its boundaries. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Moderate
Population: All/Anyone
Length: 30 items
Administered by: Self Administered/Self Report
Language(s): English...[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Free/Publicly Available
Citation(s):
McCubbin HI, Thompson AI, McCubbin MA (1996). Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation-inventories for research and practice; 455-507. University of Wisconsin Publishers.
Sattler DN, Assanangkornchai S, Moller AM, Kesavatana-Dohrs W, Graham JM. Indian Ocean tsunami: relationships among post-traumatic stress, post-traumatic growth, resource loss, and coping at 3 and 15 months. J Trauma Dissociation. 2014;15(2):219-39. doi: 10.1080/15299732.2014.869144. Epub 2014 Jan 15. PubMed PMID: 24410331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24410331. Subscription required.
Contact information:
Institution: Family Behavior Systems
Address: 1530 Greenview Drive Southwest, 201A, Rochester, MN 559012
Phone: 1-800-595-4053Includes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 12912. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scales (IPC)
Source: Levenson Institute for TrainingDate Published: 1981Format: PDFAnnotation: People have different feelings about their vulnerability to crisis events. This scale addresses the degree to which people feel they have control, feel others have control, or feel that chance has control of what happens to them. The Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scales assess the degree to which people believe that they have control over their lives, the degree to which they believe that other people control events in their lives, and the degree to which they believe that chance affects their experiences or outcomes. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level: 8
Population: All/Anyone
Length: 24 questions
Administered by: Self Administered/Self Report
Language(s): English...[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Free/Publicly Available
Citation(s):
Wu D, Jiang X, Ho KW, Duan L, Zhang W. Factors associated with self-concept in adolescent survivors of an 8.0-magnitude earthquake in China. Nurs Res. 2014 Jul-Aug;63(4):278-88. doi: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000045. Epub 2014 Jul 1. PubMed PMID: 24977725. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24977725. Subscription required.
Zhang W, Liu H, Jiang X, Wu D, Tian Y. A longitudinal study of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and its relationship with coping skill and locus of control in adolescents after an earthquake in China. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88263. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088263. Epub 2014 Feb 12. PubMed PMID: 24516622; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3917873. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24516622. Subscription not required.
Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and chance. In H. M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct (Vol. 1, pp. 15-63). New York: Academic Press.
Contact information:
Contact person: Hanna Levenson
Institution: Levenson Institute for Training
Email: HannaLevenson@aol.comIncludes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 12916. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE)
Source: Freie Universitat BerlinDate Published: 1981Format: TextAnnotation: The General Self-Efficacy Scale is a 10-item psychometric scale that is designed to assess optimistic self-beliefs to cope with a variety of difficult demands in life. The scale was originally developed in German by Matthias Jerusalem and Ralf Schwarzer in 1981 and has been used in many studies. In contrast to other scales that were designed to assess optimism, this one explicitly refers to personal agency, i.e., the belief that one's actions are responsible for successful outcomes. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level: 7.5
Population: All/Anyone
Length: 10 questions
Administered by: Self Administered/Self Report
Language(s): English, Arabic, Armenian, Brazilian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Rumanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovakian, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Urdu(Pakistan)...[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Free/Publicly Available
Citation(s):
Warner LM, Gutierrez-Dona B, Villegas Angulo M, Schwarzer R. Resource loss, self-efficacy, and family support predict post-traumatic stress symptoms: a 3-year study of earthquake survivors. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2015;28(3):239-53. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2014.955018. Epub 2014 Aug19. PubMed PMID: 25130373. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25130373. Subscription required.
Gibbons SW, Shafer M, Aramanda L, Hickling EJ, Benedek DM. Combat health care providers and resiliency: adaptive coping mechanisms during and after deployment. Psychol Serv. 2014 May;11(2):192-9. doi: 10.1037/a0033165. Epub 2013 Jul 17. PubMed PMID: 23855421. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855421. Subscription required.
Contact information:
Contact person: Prof. Dr. Ralf Schwarzer
Institution: Freie Universitat Berlin, Psychologie
Address: Habelschwerdter Allee 45,14195 Berlin, Germany
Fax: +49 30-838-55634
Email: health@zedat.fu-berlin.deIncludes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 12950. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
Cerebral Performance Categories Scale (CPC Scale)
Source: University of PittsburghDate Published: 1981Format: PDFAnnotation: The Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) score is widely used in research and quality assurance to assess neurologic outcome following cardiac arrest. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level: 12.2
Population: All/Anyone
Length: 5 items
Administered by: Specialist/Doctor/Expert Administration
Language(s): English...[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Free/Publicly Available
Citation(s):
Kiyohara K, Kitamura T, Iwami T, Nishiyama C, Kawamura T. Impact of the Great East Japan earthquake on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with cardiac origin in non-disaster areas [corrected]. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015 Feb;69(2):185-8. Epub 2014 Sep 23. PubMed PMID: 25240062. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240062. Subscription required.
Contact information:
Institution: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh
Address: 3434 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260
Phone: 412-383-1900
Fax: 412-324-0943
Email: niemann@upmc.eduIncludes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 14799. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
Source: Duke UniversityDate Published: 1980Format: PDFAnnotation: The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale is a short self-administered survey to quantify the depressed status of a patient. There are 20 items on the scale that rate the four common characteristics of depression: the pervasive effect, physiological equivalents, other disturbances, and psychomotor activities. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
Population: Adults Only
Length: 20 questions
Time to Complete: 10 to 15 minutes
Administered by: Self Administered/Self Report
Language(s): English, Chinese, Russian, Thai, Czech, Farsi, Indonesian, Lithuanian, Arabic, Spanish, German, and Greek...[See more] [See less]URL: https://integrationacademy.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/Zung_Self_Rating_Depression_Scale_0.pdfType: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Free/Publicly Available
Citation(s):
Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Wang L. Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;161(8):1370-6. PubMed PMID: 15285961. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15285961. Subscription not required.
Zung WW. A Self-Rating Depression Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965 Jan;12:63-70. PubMed PMID: 14221692. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14221692. Subscription required.
Biggs JT, Wylie LT, Ziegler VE. Validity of the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1978 Apr;132:381-5. PubMed PMID: 638392. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/638392. Subscription required.
Other sources for this tool:
Institution: Mental Health Ministries
Web: http://www.mentalhealthministries.net/resources/flyers/zung_scale/zung_scale.pdf
Institution: Psychology Tools
Web: https://psychology-tools.com/zung-depression-scale/
Institution: Outcome Tracker
Web: https://outcometracker.org/library/SDS.pdf
Zung Depression Scale:
Epi Info file (XML)
Epi Info InstructionsIncludes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 8057. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. -
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12, -20, -28, -30, -60)
Source: GL AssessmentDate Published: 1980Format: TextAnnotation: Developed in the 1970s, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a method of quantifying the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. This instrument targets two areas in order to assess well-being in a person: the inability to carry out normal functions, and the appearance of distress. The format of the full GHQ is a 60-item test with a four-point scale for each response. The test exists in several alternate forms: GHQ-30 (30 items), GHQ-28 (28 items), GHQ-20 (20 items), and the GHQ-12 (12 items). In epidemiological studies, the 12-item version is most frequently used. In clinical studies, the 28-item "scaled" version or the 30-item version are most frequently used. For additional information, see the Frequently Asked Questions, http://www.gl-assessment.co.uk/products/general-health-questionnaire/general-health-questionnaire-faqs, from the publisher GL Assessment. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.
Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Moderate
Population: Adults Only
Length: 12, 20, 28, 30, or 60 questions, depending on version
Time to Complete: 3-8 minutes, depending on version
Administered by: Self Report/Self Administered
Language(s): GHQ-12: English, Arabic, French, Serbo-Croatian, Bahasa, Japanese, Sorani, Cantonese, German, Mandarin, Spanish, Creole, German, Nepalese, Swedish, Dutch, Flemish, Greek, Portuguese, Dutch, Gujarati, Turkish, Finnish, Hindi, Punjabi, Welsh, Hungarian, Russian Thai, Yoruba, Italian, Persian, Cambodian, Tamil, Czech, and Afrikaans
GHQ-28: English, Albanian, Gujarati, Punjabi, Swedish, Arabic, Malay, Russian, Turkish, Cantonese, Mandarin, Serbian, Urdu, French, Mandarin, Setswana, German, Mirpuri, Sorani, Greek, Nepalese, and Spanish
GHQ-30: English, Arabic, Bengali, Danish, French, Gujarati, Punjabi, and Urdu
GHQ-60: English, Cantonese, and Mandarin...[See more] [See less]Type: Guideline/Assessment ToolAccess Notes: Proprietary - Cost/Purchase required
Citation(s):
Wahlstrom L, Michelsen H, Schulman A, Backheden M. Different types of exposure to the 2004 tsunami are associated with different levels of psychological distress and posttraumatic stress. J Trauma Stress. 2008 Oct;21(5):463-70. PubMed PMID: 18956445. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18956445. Subscription required.
Vieweg BW, Hedlund JL. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ): A comprehensive review. Journal of Operational Psychiatry 1983;14(2):74-81.
PsycINFO record: http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1984-24956-001. Print only.
Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, Rutter C. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med. 1997 Jan;27(1):191-7. PubMed PMID: 9122299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122299. Subscription required.
Contact information:
Copyright: This tool and all versions of it are under copyright, all rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced by any means, even within the terms of a photocopying license, without the written permission of the publisher. Photocopying without permission may result in legal action.Includes Research Tools: Yes.ID: 8180. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
