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  1. K10 (Kessler 10) and K6 (Kessler 6) Scales
    Source: Harvard University, Harvard Medical School (HMS)
    Format: Text
    Annotation: The K6 and K10 scales are widely recommended as simple measures of psychological distress and as measures of outcomes following treatment for common mental health disorders. Questions ask about depressive and anxiety symptoms that a person has experienced in the most recent four-week period. The self report style of the questions assists in the identification of current mental health problems and whether there is a need for treatment. The K6 is merely a truncated form of the K10 in which four questions have been removed. The question series presented here includes not only the six or 10 Likert scale questions in the scales, but also a number of other questions that are routinely administered along with the scales to learn about persistence and impairment. These additional questions are not required to score the K6 or K10. This resource was identified by the NIH Disaster Research Response Program (DR2) for researchers looking for pre- and post-disaster data collection instruments.

    Ease of Use in Disaster Setting: Easy
    Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level: Grade K6=6.7; K10=6.3
    Population: Adults Only
    Length: Six or 10 items depending on version; K6-Six questions; K10-10 questions
    Time to Complete: Not specified/given
    Administered by: Self Administered/Self Report, Lay Interviewer, Specialist/Doctor/Expert
    Special Considerations: The K10 and the K6 scales are administered in Australia using an alternate scoring system based on responses of "1-5" versus the "0-4" system presented here. This alternate system results in a score range of 6 to 30 for the K6 and 10 to 50 for the K10. The optimal cut point on the K6 for this system is 6-18 versus 19+.
    Language(s): English, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Chinese (Mandarin/Cantonese), Italian, Japanese, Swahili, Nepali, Hebrew, French, and Sinhalese    ...[See more] [See less]
    URL: https://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/k6_scales.php
    Type: Guideline/Assessment Tool
    Access Notes: Free/Publicly Available

    No formal request is needed, but the authors would appreciate it if users cited the following article citation when they use the scale, and if they would send the authors citations to all publications that use the scale:

    Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, Epstein JF, Gfroerer JC, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Normand SL, Manderscheid RW, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;60(2):184-9.

    Citation(s):
    Alderman K, Turner LR, Tong S. Assessment of the health impacts of the 2011 summer floods in Brisbane. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013 Aug;7(4):380-6. PubMed PMID: 24229521. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229521. Subscription required.

    Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002 Aug;32(6):959-76. PubMed PMID: 12214795. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12214795. Subscription required.

    Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, Epstein JF, Gfroerer JC, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Normand SL, Manderscheid RW, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;60(2):184-9. PubMed PMID: 12214795. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12214795. Subscription required.

    Green JG, Gruber MJ, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC. Improving the K6 short scale to predict serious emotional disturbance in adolescents in the USA. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010 Jun;19 Suppl 1:23-35. doi: 10.1002/mpr.314.PubMed PMID: 20527003; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3686478. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20527003. Subscription not required.

    Kessler RC, Green JG, Gruber MJ, Sampson NA, Bromet E, Cuitan M, Furukawa TA, Gureje O, Hinkov H, Hu CY, Lara C, Lee S, Mneimneh Z, Myer L, Oakley-Browne M, Posada-Villa J, Sagar R, Viana MC, Zaslavsky AM. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010 Jun;19 Suppl 1:4-22. doi: 10.1002/mpr.310. Erratum in: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2011 Mar;20(1):62. PubMed PMID: 20527002; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3659799. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20527002. Subscription not required.

    For additional copies of the scales:
    Institution: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
    Web: http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/clinical-practice/screening-tools

    Institution: Australian Mental Health Outcomes and Classification Network
    Web: http://www.amhocn.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/review_of_nocc_measures_version_1.2.pdf
    Includes Research Tools: Yes.
    ID: 8070. From: Disaster Lit®a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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